[32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [99], Discovering a weak point in the walls and popular discontent with the Athenian tyrant Aristion, Sulla stormed and captured Athens (except the Acropolis) on 1 March 86BC. Encyclopedias. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. His third wife was Cloelia, whom Sulla divorced due to sterility. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. N.S. He was, however, defeated. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. Church and W. J. Brodribb. 133/18 Scipio praises C.Marius. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. He was awarded the Grass Crown for his bravery at the Battle of Nola. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. However, in some cases, paintings are considered secondary sources. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Despite initial difficulties, Sulla was successful with minimal resources and preparation; with few Roman troops, he hastily levied allied soldiers and advanced quickly into rugged terrain before routing superior enemy forces. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. [31] Ultimately, the Numidians were defeated in 106BC, due in large part to Sulla's initiative in capturing the Numidian king. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. Updated on October 07, 2019. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. Categories . Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Sulla's law waived the sponsio, allowing such cases to be heard without it. Plutarch, writing much . [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. The collection currently contains . He was also notorious for his personal relationships . Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Guide. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Biographies of historical and famous people. [131] The purge went on for several months. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. In . Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. Websites. For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Tools for primary source analysis. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Modern sources have been somewhat less damning, as the Mithridatic campaigns later showed that no quick victory over Pontus was possible as long as Mithridates survived. [68] Shortly after Sulla's election, probably in the last weeks of the year, Sulla married his daughter to one of his colleague Pompeius Rufus' sons. The Senate immediately sent an embassy demanding an explanation for his seeming march on the fatherland, to which Sulla responded boldly, saying that he was freeing it from tyrants. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships.
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